The Central Bank of Nigeria has received global recognition
for a reform programme that has reshaped the country’s monetary landscape,
earning the apex bank the “Central Bank of the Year” title at the 2026 Central
Banking Awards.
The honour reflects a sweeping set of policy and
institutional changes introduced over the past two years to stabilise Nigeria’s
financial system and rebuild confidence among investors and businesses.
According to the awards committee, the recognition acknowledges a decisive
return to orthodox monetary policy, improved governance, and reforms that have
strengthened market stability.
The award comes after a period when Nigeria’s economy was
under significant pressure. By 2023, inflation had climbed to 22.4 per cent,
foreign exchange liquidity had deteriorated, and the country faced about $7bn
in unmet foreign exchange obligations. At the same time, the difference between
the official and parallel market exchange rates widened to over 60 per cent,
reflecting deep distortions within the currency market.
The broader economic context further underscored the urgency
of reform. Nigeria, which held the position of Africa’s largest economy in
2014, had fallen to fourth place behind South Africa, Egypt, and Algeria. The
combination of monetary financing and subsidy-related interventions had pushed
economic management into what the awards committee described as an
unsustainable position.
One former senior central bank official, quoted in the
committee’s statement, recalled that the situation had become so concerning
that analysts feared Nigeria might be drifting toward the economic turmoil
experienced in Venezuela and Zimbabwe, as worries intensified over fiscal
instability, currency depreciation, and weakening institutional independence.
A shift began in October 2023 when Olayemi Cardoso assumed
office as Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria. His administration quickly
introduced wide-ranging reforms aimed at restoring credibility to the
institution and strengthening macroeconomic stability.
Central to the reform programme was a commitment to end
quasi-fiscal interventions, reinforce institutional independence, and restore
discipline to monetary policy. Clearing the country’s foreign exchange backlog
and improving transparency within the financial system were also identified as
immediate priorities.
One of the most visible changes came in the restructuring of
Nigeria’s foreign exchange market. For years, multiple exchange-rate windows
had created inefficiencies and uncertainty for investors and businesses. The
CBN replaced this fragmented structure with a unified, market-driven system
operating on a willing-buyer, willing-seller framework, supported by an
electronic FX matching platform designed to enhance transparency and improve
price discovery.
The impact of the reforms became evident in the behaviour of
the naira. According to Cardoso, the currency now trades within a much narrower
and more stable band, while the gap between official and parallel market rates
has reduced dramatically to under 2 per cent, compared with over 60 per cent
before the reforms.
Another major step involved clearing outstanding foreign
exchange commitments owed to key sectors such as aviation and manufacturing, a
move that helped restore liquidity and ease long-standing concerns within the
business community.
As liquidity improved, Nigeria’s external buffers
strengthened. The country’s gross external reserves rose to $46.7bn by November
2025, representing the highest level recorded in nearly seven years and
providing more than 10 months of import cover. The improvement was supported by
stronger capital inflows and increased non-oil exports, which helped reinforce
stability within the foreign exchange market.
In its July 2025 Article IV assessment, the International
Monetary Fund commended the reforms, noting that they had strengthened
confidence in Nigeria’s markets and improved liquidity conditions within the
foreign exchange system.
At the same time, the CBN pursued an aggressive strategy to
rein in inflation where Interest rates were raised from 18.75 per cent in 2023 to
27.5 per cent by November 2024, marking one of the most assertive tightening
cycles in the bank’s recent history.
Although inflation initially rose to 34.80 per cent in
December 2024, largely due to subsidy removal and currency liberalisation, the
tightening measures gradually began to take effect.
By January 2026, inflation had declined significantly to
15.10 per cent, while food inflation moderated to 8.9 per cent, reflecting
improved price stability across the economy.
With inflation easing, the central bank cautiously adjusted
its stance, lowering the benchmark interest rate to 26.5 per cent in February
2026. Even so, Cardoso has stressed that the bank remains committed to bringing
inflation down further, emphasising that double-digit inflation cannot be
acceptable in the long term. The CBN is now working toward a more structured
inflation-targeting framework, supported by stronger data systems and clearer
policy communication.
Beyond monetary policy, reforms also targeted the resilience
of the banking sector. In 2024, the central bank introduced a recapitalisation
programme requiring banks to meet higher capital thresholds designed to
strengthen the financial system.
Since then, more than 33 banks have raised fresh capital,
while at least 30 institutions have already met the new requirements ahead of
the March 31, 2026 deadline. Institutions that fail to comply may face licence
downgrades, acquisitions, or liquidation.
Supervisory oversight has also been strengthened through the
transition toward Basel III standards, which aim to improve risk management and
liquidity monitoring within the banking industry.
Financial inclusion has also expanded during the reform
period. Microfinance lending grew by more than 14 per cent, while digital
credit products reached over 1.2 million small businesses in 2025, widening
access to finance for entrepreneurs and small enterprises across the country.
The digital payments ecosystem has grown rapidly as well.
The CBN introduced measures to improve cash management systems, increase ATM
efficiency, and enhance supervision of payment agents nationwide. Currently,
more than 12 million contactless cards are in circulation, while about 40
fintech companies operate within the CBN’s regulatory sandbox, where new
financial technologies are tested under regulatory oversight.
Governance reforms have also played a critical role in
restoring international confidence. The central bank established a dedicated
compliance department and strengthened anti-money laundering controls, efforts
that contributed to Nigeria’s removal from the Financial Action Task Force grey
list in 2025.
The policy improvements have been reflected in global credit
ratings. Fitch upgraded Nigeria’s rating from B- to B with a stable outlook in
April 2025, while Moody’s raised its rating from Caa1 to B3 in May, citing
stronger economic fundamentals and improved policy credibility.
Investor confidence was further demonstrated when Nigeria
returned to the international capital market in 2025, issuing a $2.35bn
Eurobond that was oversubscribed more than five times, highlighting renewed
global interest in the country’s debt.
Despite the progress, the awards committee cautioned that
the reform process is still ongoing. Sustaining disinflation, completing the
banking sector recapitalisation programme, and strengthening institutional
frameworks remain critical tasks.
Nevertheless, the committee concluded that the
transformation achieved by the central bank has been significant. As one former
official observed, “What the CBN has achieved is nothing short of remarkable.”
For Nigeria, the recognition marks an important moment in
the country’s economic journey, signalling that determined reforms can begin to
restore stability, rebuild confidence, and reshape the trajectory of one of
Africa’s most influential economies.